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- General Franco led
- the Nationalists in
- the bloody Spanish
- civil war. He was
- the villain in what
- was seen outside
- Spain as a battle of
- ideologies, between
- left-wing demo-
- cracy and fascist
- repression. But
- unlike Hitler and
- Mussolini, who
- both supported
- him, Franco won.
- And ruled Spain for
- the next 36 years
- #
- Franco became
- Spain's youngest
- general in the
- course of a
- glittering military
- career. Civil unrest
- followed socialist
- victory in the 1936
- general election,
- and General Franco
- conspired with
- other officers
- to overthrow the
- new government
- #
- The civil war was
- fought between
- the right-wing
- coalition under
- Franco and the
- republican govern-
- ment, defended
- by socialists and
- anarchists. There
- were successful
- military uprisings
- in southern Spain,
- which gave the
- Nationalists a
- foothold, while the
- rest of the country
- fought back
- #
- The civil war was
- seen as a clash
- between the forces
- of political good
- and evil, a prelude
- to the great show-
- down of world war.
- This attitude was
- reinforced by strong
- reportage such as
- Capa's photograph of
- a Republican in the
- moment of death,
- a striking image
- which captured both
- the horror and the
- romance of the
- Spanish struggle
- #
- A decisive factor
- in the Nationalist
- victory was mili-
- tary aid from Italy
- (which provided
- 70,000 troops) and
- Germany (its air
- force carried out
- the destruction of
- Guernica). Franco
- was denied victory
- for 30 months by
- the Republicans'
- defense of the
- capital, Madrid.
- But when the city
- was captured the
- war was finally
- over. About half a
- million Spaniards
- had been killed
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- Spain did not
- take part in the
- second world war
- because Franco
- thought Germany
- might lose. After
- failing to persuade
- him to fight, Hitler
- said that he would
- "rather have his
- teeth pulled" than
- speak to Franco
- again. Churchill
- had reason to be
- thankful. Franco's
- neutral policy (in
- (particular as
- regards Gibraltar)
- was immensely
- important to the
- Allies' security
- #
- Franco's postwar
- goal was to bring
- Spain back into
- the international
- community. Spain
- joined the United
- Nations in 1955,
- and Franco happily
- accepted US mili-
- tary bases on his
- soil. US dollars
- helped give Spain
- the highest growth
- rate in the world,
- but many freedoms
- were lacking: this
- was, after all, a
- regime that had
- won power with
- the help of Hitler's
- Stuka divebombers
- #
- Franco announced
- in 1957 that the
- monarchy would be
- restored on his
- death, but it took
- him 22 years to
- name a successor.
- His choice fell on
- Prince Juan Carlos
- (shown with Franco
- in 1971). The mon-
- archy, Franco said,
- would maintain the
- principles of his
- regime. It is Spain's
- great good fortune
- that he was wrong
- #
- The democracy established by Juan Carlos looked fragile, especially in February 1981
- when elements of the Civil Guard and other officers loyal to the memory of Franco
- attempted a military coup. But Juan Carlos held his nerve, and held back the army,
- and Spanish democracy survived
- #
- Spain was held
- back by Franco,
- whatever may be
- said in favor of the
- country's rapid
- economic develop-
- ment under his
- rule. In the end
- it took his death,
- and that of the
- last dictatorship
- in western Europe,
- to achieve what
- Franco could not
- bring about in his
- lifetime: Spain's
- full membership
- of the European
- Union, of NATO,
- and of the club
- of free nations
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